the following describe internal states of symptoms except the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. 2. a. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. . Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. 1. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Loss of appetite. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Treatment. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. Thirst. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Abnormal Motor Behavior. . Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Upset stomach and vomiting. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle.