which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. 2.2.1.2. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. This is an example of: Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. c. double-blind studies. 26. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. b. early childhood trauma. d. sociocultural. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. So what do we do with this information? And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. b. self theory. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. The development of personality. d. secondary process thought. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. d. cognitive-behavioral. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. d. Bandura. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. d. displacement. b. social factors leading to stress. What are some issues facing the biological model? a. existential SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. a. humanistic c. overgeneralization. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes b. resistance. d. object relations theory. c. emphasize health. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. c. children who very seldom fight. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. 95. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. 91. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. d. reality principle. a. modeling. 19. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. 45. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. More on that over the next two sections. c. superego. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? b. cognitive-behavioral. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Conditioning. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. Psychosurgery. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. 25. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. 78. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. b. existential The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. 147. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. 116. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. c. neurons. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? a. humanistic therapy. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. 55. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. Dont worry. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? 130. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. a. gestalt For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. 18. b. unconditional self-regard. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 22. How so? A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. 40. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. d. past traumatic experiences. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. d. transference. 148. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. d. disengagement. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. c. unconditional positive regard. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. 16. This is called the absolute refractory period. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. b. is not led by a professional clinician. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. Neural transmission. d. humanists. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. d. ego ideal. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? c. Beck. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. 152. b. multicultural. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). 2.2.1.6. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! b. 101. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? b. cultural. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. This is a physical aspect of what disease? b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. b. sociocultural Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. 69. b. b. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. 74. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. 2.2.3.1. 100. c. axons. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. There are two main ways they can present themselves. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. What if? First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. I'm here for you." Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory.