Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. Nov. 13, 2009. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. ILRI. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 36 likes 22,568 views. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Figure 1. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. What are the two types of dynamic programming? Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. rahulsharma789888. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Table 11. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. EEA/EEPRI. 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Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). However, the expected level was not achieved. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. And Belg ( autumn ) Precipitation Index ( PCI ) for 19792013 Table... 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