The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. By Ellen Rubin. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Has data issue: true From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. 18091. False and dangerous equivalency. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. cit. These are huge areas. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. Published online by Cambridge University Press: [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. . They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. See below. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. fall into the classification of genocide. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. 23 Ibid. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. No, it's not. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. for this article. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. . But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. [1] The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. I'd imagine it's the same way. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. What area? Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. east troy knights baseball, stephen michael swank,
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