According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. This has continued in various guises ever since. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. Politics has been around for millennia. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. Stream and swamp fishing are important. Under Ugandan Pres. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Social Control. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. majority peasant population. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Religious Beliefs. Encyclopedia.com. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Land Tenure. 26). 2008. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. Orientation The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Malandra, Alfred (1939). There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). (1936). With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. 20- Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. 23 Feb. 2023 . in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. B.A. Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Much of that hierarchy continued The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. and created larger political At its peak in 2005 over Bor Lango alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. Kasozi, A. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. 1544957. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. (1988). The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Orientation Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Ocheng, D. O. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. authority of a district commissioner. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Congo. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Socialization. Identification. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. More The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. - CORE The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, The Lwoo. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures [CDATA[ Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). However, the date of retrieval is often important. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. . Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Industrial Arts. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession.
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