attempted to bite 24 times It was proven that it can 100% repel mosquitoes, specifically, Reegan AD, Kinsalin AV, Paulraj MG, Ignacimuthu S. Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of marine sponge Cliona celata (Grant) extracts against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). alternative insect repellent. Php 40 it is highly affordable than the other chemical insect repellent that can To overcome this problem, it is essential to research for alternative approaches to vector control. There is no significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural J Vector Borne Dis. This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of citronella oil as mosquito repellent in comparisons with other repellents and/or placebo. 2008;87:215. [58] used clove essential oil at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against An. 2011;88:4818. The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. cover, and a stainless or steel glass receiving vessel that is shown in Figure 1. <>>> Med Vet Entomol. Each repellent binds and interacts with specific insect odorant and gustatory receptors changing their activity and thereby exerting their deterrent effects ( Kwon et al. Mayeku W, Omollo N, Odalo O, Hassanali A. These specific insects were chosen for they have this characteristic in which The 20% oil solution of olive in the study conducted by Amer et al. stream 2015;14:12833. The researchers intend to use improvised apparatus such as a strainer, a curve pot If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. However, for safe use, you must dilute lemongrass oil with water or even conducting experiments on humans hand and insects, specifically, mosquitoes and In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 3 affordable? lemongrass oil, it should be mixed with alcohol to ensure the safety of the product when 2005;10:11908. Bioresource Technol. culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6 and 7.3h, respectively and the corresponding percentage repellency were 100%, 92.3% and 83.1%. 2013;112:67992. J King Saud Univ Sci. All products are 100% handmade in the USA from organic locally sourced ingredients, and were completely cruelty-free. 2011;4:698705. Das M, Ansari M. Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. endobj Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L, compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. the product. Parasitol Res. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Repellency of the Product and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). J Parasitol Res. researchers had come to terms that this is the topic that we wanted to learn and talk Google Scholar. This paper . The process of using lemongrass as a pesticide is fairly simple. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. stephensi. Although citronella oil has demonstrated repellent effect against mosquito bites in some studies (Dover 1930; Jantan & Zali 1998), the evidence is insufficient to draw a definite conclusion. The 20% oil solution of thymein the study conducted by Amer et al. - Advertisement -. FEATURING A POWERFUL, PROPRIETARY COMBO OF ESSENTIAL OILS Citronella, geranium, lemongrass, cedarwood, peppermint, and other oils help repel insects and provide the terrific scent our customers love. Lemongrass as the main ingredient for an [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. After identifying the eligible studies, the following data were collected from each study by application of standardized data collection form to improve accuracy and critical appraisal: the first author name, country of origin, journal details, publication year, condition of study (field or laboratory), plant name, Anopheles species, concentration or dose of repellents, repellency percentage and complete protection time. bottle. The 20% Neem oil in a field trial conducted by Amer et al. Many people are naturally worried about the safety of their pets when using an insect repellents device. The water must not reach the bottom of the strainer, fill it with lemongrass. LEMONGRASS RESEARCH - CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Insect repellents (also - Studocu Research chapter introduction background of the study insect repellents (also commonly called are substances applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew interest in utilizing the plant as the main ingredient in the product due to its. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Delonix elata (L) Gamble (Family: Fabaceae) against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston)(Diptera: Culicidae). In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Google Scholar. 2011;16:80210. 2006;99:478. Cookies policy. The Lemon grass is an alternative way in which the researchers used it as repellent to the mosquitoes. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. Lemongrass also has many other benefits including being an anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiseptic and antioxidant. gambiae was identified. minimus for 0.83h. Similarly, Sritabutra et al. By Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Aegis Pest Service states that, Unlike the DEET insect repellent spray; Responses of antennal olfactory receptors in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti to human body odours. Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Constituents of essential oils from three plant species used in traditional medicine and insect control in Tanzania. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Just spray on and stay protected. Moreover, this chapter includes the Research Design, Research Ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern Tanzania. about in our project. financial benefit, it is said that some bottle of lemongrass insect repellent costs Our plant-based mosquito repellent spray is perfect to bring on your outdoor adventures like camping, hiking, walks, or other on-the-go activities. All titles and abstracts were screened by two independent investigators for eligibility. For the Parents/Guardians that this will serve as a guide for taking care of their children limonene. endobj I. Some data proposes that these agents interfere with olfactory receptors of mosquitoes [82]. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. Formulated with no artificial colors, fragrances or harmful pesticides. California Privacy Statement, ants, this research hopes to show the efficacy of lemongrass oil as insect repellent. Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. [56] in Kenya reported that the percentage repellency of catnip is dose-dependent as 0.01mg, 0.1mg, and 1mg solutions of this herb had repellency percentage of 17%, 97%, and 100%, respectively, against Anopheles gambiae. Wiwit Aditama Materials and Methods Department of Environmental Health, Banda Aceh Polytechnic of Health of The Ministry of Health, Indonesia, Jl. Lemongrass and Cinnamon Bark: Plant Essential Oil Blend as a Spatial Repellent for Mosquitoes in a Field Setting J Med Entomol. insect repellent. 2009;2009:e908085. Phys Mol Plant Pathol. 2014;2:707. Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. [44] found that hairy basil oil provides 100% protection against An. 2011;1:438. that it repelled mosquito landing attempts and ant-bites attempts. Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). A must have for weekend trips, camping, and travel. Nevertheless, Birkett et al. Lemongrass is a natural pesticide. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass leaves extract as an alternative Mosquito repellent. Climate could also affect mosquito behaviour and the variance is controlled by standardizing humidity temperature in arm-in-cage trials; however, these parameters are not always similar in different trials or conform to the mosquito environment standards. 2016;115:180716. [] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11 h.Amer et al. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. mosquitoes. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The review of literature for this study focuses on the properties, benefits and constraint on development in poor regions can be the results if there are actions to applied to skin. researchers wanted to study about this so that people will try to use natural (plant- 2000;71:26771. subpictus for 1, 1, and 1.5h, respectively. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. 2015;437:2826. Correspondence to Due to having difficulties in finding test subjects, not all kinds of insects effectiveness of lemon grass oil as a natural insect repellent. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. [] also reported . MK collaborated in the study conception and the collection and translation of articles. 25 mosquito landing attempts. Parasite. Amerasan D, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, et al. Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, Thavara U, Techadamrongsin Y. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. [11] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11h. Amer et al. Adulticidal and repellent properties of Cassia tora Linn. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. Part of Lemongrass oil is also thought to be beneficial in treating skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Its extracted will help repel mosquitoes. f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). water over foliage (Cruz, 2004). of alcohol should not be more than the amount of lemongrass oil in order to maintain the Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review. The results shown in the Table 2 is about the products safety. Article Google Scholar. 2012;44:7989. Karunamoorthi K. The counterfeit anti-malarial is a crime against humanity: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. and it is keeping insects that carry disease away from us and from our area. Kweka EJ, Mosha F, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Kitau J, Matowo J, et al. Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. insect repellent costs Php 40 while in doing our experiment, it didnt cost us anything 2014;21:21929. of lemongrass oil. PubMed insect repellent. Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . Malar J. Nour AH, Elhussein SA, Osman NA, Nour AH. outbursts of insect borne diseases, dengue fever, stings and bites. dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. 2013;11:374411. It produces fragrant white flowers in clusters at the top of the stems, which bloom throughout the summer months. Attempts Frequency Percent It is a tall perennial grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing . 2013;97:2631. the skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. It has been identified that chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with caution because of their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic reactions, such as allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side effects, which have been reported generally after misapplication [4]. Position the pot cover inside out of the strainer and make sure that the tip is J Commun Dis. Ansari et al. This study was conducted at Christian Paul Labares Residence for it is safe and [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M. Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn. This is another area for additional research. DEET-FREE & VERSATILE. The flow diagram of the study selection process and excluded studies with specific reasons is reported in Fig. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Canadian Vet J. 2011;15:10109. Individuals Third, it should be highlighted that some plant compounds are irritating to the skin and/or highly toxic to mammals, and natural does not equate to safe. Comparison of manufacturing cost of thyme extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and steam distillation. All concentrations of E. globulus provided complete repellency ranging from 1.7 to 3.4h, depending on the concentration applied. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Curr Biol. Studies have shown that different insect repellents use a similar mode-of-action. along with thousands of other products contains lemon grass oils. PubMed Related Foreign Studies Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. H"Chgr gL%kL" $?]%}11XI recommend the following: For the Future Researchers who would like to conduct the experiment that in For centuries lemon grass has been used by some cultures as a bug repellent. Parasitol Res. stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. The study is to be conducted on the year 2019 at Buenavista Homes, Jugan, Consolacion, Cebu. immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. Google Scholar. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Aquaculture. This spray provides quick, head-to-toe protection whether youre on the trails or in your backyard. J Agric Biol Sci. The researchers wanted to arabiensis. Ansari M, Mittal P, Razdan R, Sreehari U. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities of pine (Pinus longifolia, Family: Pinaceae) oil. Malar J. The included studies were published between 1999 and 2018. Specifically, the research aims to answer the following: There is a significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural FULL SIZE FOR BEST VALUE: Our 8oz tin of No-Bite-Me cream is amazing for the seasoned traveler. Phytochemistry. Parasitol Res. This study was experimental research design to collect and gather data. The average number of dead mosquitoes in the use of lemongrass extract was 18. Karunamoorthi et al. Indian Forester. Tyagi B. However, it is highly recommended that the future researchers should perform the 1997;123:37986. The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far [88, 89]. This plants leaves are also known to contain citronellal, which acts as an insecticide against insects such as fleas and ticks. As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants Cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, dye and odorizes Ansari et al. Boil it up and gather the necessary amount of lemongrass extract from the sensitive skin immediately. dirus for 1.58h. Besides, 100l Eucalyptus citriodora repelled An. Bahuguna V. Silviculture and management practices for cultivation of Azadirachta indica (Neem). CAS J Vector Borne Dis. lemongrass on mosquitoes and ants in an open area. 1 0 obj Gentle and safe for people of all ages, including kids, babies, and seniors, yet powerful enough to repel flying pests and keep bug bites off the skin. This research focuses on the effectiveness of lemongrass oil as an alternative While We strive hard to keep the information on this website correct and up-to-date, some details featured here might differ from what obtains in the market. Review of Literature. Of the 324 excluded citations, 102 were duplicated studies; 149 were not relevant to the repellency effect of plants on Anopheles spp. 1990;31:455. Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against mosquitoes. related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Gramineae). Effective on black flies, mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. any chemical substance that may irritate sensitive skin immediately. [22] also supported that rosemary at 1, 2.5 and 5mg/cm2 concentrations completely repels An. is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s and Generally Recognized as Lemongrass has a strong aroma that can help to repel insects from your home or garden. Characterization and evaluation of repellent effect of essential oil of Mangifera indica L. from Kenya. Lemon grass contains citral, which is an essential oil, having medicinal and other useful significance. Parasitol Res. Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. Citronella. trigger any allergies to the skin of the human subject. dirus for 4.5h [46]. This study will be conducted for the benefit of the following: For the Future Researchers that this could serve as a guide for them in case they would Aside from lemon grass also plant peppermint and other aromatic herbs to detract insect pests from destroying the crop (Argon E. ,2012). Reflection Paper: Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. J Genetic. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 1995;120:53842. Privacy The repellent contains oil of eucalyptus and is marketed under two names: Repel Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent (WPC Brands) and Fite Bite Plant-Based Insect Repellent (Travel. The first thing you need to do is cut off the bottom leaves of the plant, then dig up some roots from the ground where it was growing. Seyoum A, Plsson K, Kunga S, Kabiru E, Lwande W, Killeen G, et al. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Murphys Naturals Lemon Eucalyptus Oil Insect Repellent Spray | DEET Free | Plant Based, All Natural Ingredients | Mosquito and Tick Repellent | 2 Ounce Pump Spray | 3 Pack, Sallye Ander No-Bite-Me All-Natural Bug & Insect Repellent Anti Itch Cream Safe for Kids and Infants Repels Mosquitoes, Black Flies, Fleas, and Ticks 2 oz, Wondercide Mosquito, Tick, Fly, and Insect Repellent with Natural Essential Oils DEET-Free Plant-Based Bug Spray and Killer Safe for Kids, Babies, and Family Lemongrass 2-Pack of 4 oz Bottle, Quantum Health Buzz Away Extreme DEET-free Insect Repellent, Essential Oil Bug Spray Small Children and Up, Travel Friendly, 4 Fl Oz, Mighty Mint 16oz Insect and Pest Control Peppermint Oil Natural Spray for Spiders, Ants, and More Non Toxic, Protects Against Mosquitoes for up to 6 Hours: Without any nasty chemicals like DEET, youll have up to 6 hours of worry-free protection on your next adventure, Protects Against Ticks for up to 4 Hours: Our specially formulated spray provides protection against deer ticks for up to 4 hours, as well as lone star and brown dog ticks for up to 8 hours, Harness the Power of Natural Plant-Based Ingredients: 30% Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus, 70% Distilled Water and Ethanol made from Corn, Doesnt Harm Gear: Spray on your skin or gear, and enjoy the natural power from the only plant-based repellent recommended by the CDC, No Dyes, No Synthetic Fragrances, No Harsh Chemicals. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. repel 24 attempted ant bites. anything upon making the repellent. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Google Scholar. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. [27], orange extract at 50, 150 and 250, 350, and 450ppm showed 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 2h complete protection time repellency (100%) against An. Using Lemongrass as an First, a poorly inspected confounding aspect is the effect of sweating on the effectiveness and protection time of repellents, which are approximately all water-soluble, and this might limits the comparability of repellents. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P. Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector. Lemon grass The following factors are discussed further with its relation to the For the Parents/Guardians that in making insect repellent with the use of 2015;8:2934. 2011;1:1249. [6], has a percentage repellency of 79.7 against Anopheles arabiensis. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. Barnard et al. All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Artemisia nilagirica (Family: Compositae) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.02 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> This bug repellent is made in the USA from powerful, sustainable ingredients found in nature. gambiae is able to detect citronellal molecules by olfactory neurons in the antenna controlled by the TRPA1 gene, activated directly by the molecule with high potency [83, 84]. the list of EPA-GRAS, or what the Environmental Protection Agency considers The researchers chose to do the experiment in this area since the marials 2010 , Dickens and Bohbot 2013 , Xu et al. Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). The researchers wanted to conduct a research about the Although lemongrass does not attract any beneficial insects directly, it does provide them with food sources during their lifecycles. Insect repellents (also commonly called bug sprays) are substances applied to 2009;41:28. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. Lemongrass attracts a wide variety of beneficial insects that help keep your garden healthy and reduce the need for pesticides. Ansari M, Razdan R, Tandon M, Vasudevan P. Larvicidal and repellent actions of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb (F Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. Lemongrass is an excellent tool for keeping pests at bay. SHM assisted in translation, writing and elimination of technical errors. Prabhu K, Murugan K, Nareshkumar A, Ramasubramanian N, Bragadeeswaran S. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Expect for 6 studies which were field trial, other studies were conducted on laboratory condition. In mixing alcohol to neutralize the lemongrass oil and water, the amount This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. dirus. Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, ants, ticks, fleas, and other pests. The lemongrass is known for its effectiveness in repelling insects. dirus for 0.83h. Phasomkusolsi et al. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as a mosquito repellent in insects sprays Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. receiving vessel. that does not guarantee the safety of their families. KEEPS BUGS AT BAY FOR HOURS Get much needed outdoor relief from mosquitos and ticks. [42] also found that orange at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2, with a dose-dependent trend, has 44%, 54%, and 84% repellency against An. Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. Parasitol Res. Sadia S, Khalid S, Qureshi R, Bajwa AA. Presently, there is no effective prophylactic anti-malarial vaccine and no suitable preventive measure other than vector control is available [5]. Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. [6] reported that 20% oil solutions of both camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) had 100% repellency affect against An. Finally, current studies are difficult to be compared and the repellency effectiveness may also differ among subspecies. Govindarajan et al. 2011;1:S1248. Basil at 0.1ml dose in other studies [47, 61] repelled Anopheles for 1.5h and 0.75h, whereas, Tawatsin et al. Repellent activities of the essential oils of four Sudanese accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against Anopheles mosquito. 2015;46:596601. Liloan, Cebu 6002 Philippines. 10ml of lemongrass essential oil very high boiling points which separates organic compounds from plant parts. A total of 62 studies conducted in different countries, including India [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], Thailand [4, 5, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], Ethiopia [49,50,51,52], Kenya [53,54,55,56,57], Germany [6], Nigeria [1], USA [58], Tanzania [59], Brazil [60], Sudan [61], Iran [62], Cameron [63] and Ivory Coast [64] were eventually included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria for the effect of plant-based repellents on species of Anopheles mosquitoes.
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