d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. b) Social Therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically. You probably know a few of them. Question 13 0 / 1 pts Content theories tend to: None of these Type: MC You Answered emphasize whether persistence will prevail provide a reasonable balance of direction and intensity focus on the intensity portion of motivation Correct Answer emphasize the direction component of motivation Most counseling theories have been developed: a. in a scientific laboratory. It doesnt matter whether the information implies success or failure. a) 23 d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. d) Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization, Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as higher-order needs? When extrinsic rewards are present, people do not feel like what they do builds competence, is self-determined, or enhances relationships with others. a) pay a) Individualistic To form and further an erotic relationship. c) McClelland's acquired needs theory. a) Acquired needs e.) ERG, According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively less than others have received in proportion to work inputs. Then find the difference between the amount of savings interest and certificate of deposit interest. e) inducements, According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by selecting people with proper abilities, training them well, providing them the needed resources, and identifying clear performance goals. Herzbergs theory even allows for the possibility that an employee can be satisfied and dissatisfied at the same timethe I love my job but I hate the pay situation! b) Alderfer's ERG theory. b.) Multiple Choice Quiz. Refinements of Maslows theory in recent years reflect this more limited hierarchy.11 The self-assessment below will allow you to evaluate the strength of your five needs. There are four major process theories: (1) operant conditioning, (2) equity, (3) goal, and (4) expectancy. In McClelland's motivation theory, the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power are developed over time, as a result of life experiences. e) It is not commonly used outside of the United States. relation to the euro, what is the a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action a. deterrence theory b. routine activities theory c. social disorganization theory d. neurological theory, Examples of informal sanctions include the following EXCEPT ______. Jobs that are best performed alone are more appropriate for low-nAff employees, who are less likely to be frustrated. e) Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals. When we sense that we are valuable contributors, are achieving something important, or are getting better at some skill, we like this feeling and strive to maintain it. Considerable numbers of studies have demonstrated that tasks are intrinsically motivating when they satisfy at least one of three higher-order needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Content theories are also sometimes called needs theories. b) the amount of effort a person puts forth He called the first set motivators (or growth needs). d. goal-setting theory. Given the success of the program, in 2017 it was expanded to all RBS sites and a smartphone app was added to help employees participate in the challenges (Barton 2017). The theories presented in this section focus on the importance of human needs. c) hygiene factors involve the work setting or the environment in which people work. a) The multiplier effect is still in question. Match leadership to the conditions at hand. The need for affiliation contributes to managerial success only in those situations where the maintenance of warm group relations is as important as getting others to work toward group goals. d. A disaster may have a known and gradual onset Disasters frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT a. c) Safety, self-actualization, and social d) Higher-order 36. Needs can also be satisfied at some point but become active (dissatisfied) again. d) psychologically distorting the comparisons. e) base wage or salary. Skills-based math and English classes help develop reasoning skills, while textbook exercises ensure long-term mastery of each. Business Management Exam 1, Online Quizzes, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Organziational Behaviour, 7ce Chapter 4: Theories of Motivation Chapter 4 Theories of Motivation 4.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Motivation is A) a component of ability, personal traits and desire. That is, we are motivated by intrinsic rewards, rewards that we more or less give ourselves. Otherwise, a manager high in nPow may satisfy this need through acquisition of personal power, to the detriment of the organization. a) opportunity for advancement. d) Motivation = expectancy X rewards X valence b) Alderfer's ERG theory. Maslow went on to propose five basic types of human needs. http://www.businessinsider.com/bombas-athletic-sock-review-2017-1. The group-level approach is generally superior to the individual-level approach in assessing leader effectiveness. Sustainability should be tied to a higher purpose and foster a sense of unity not simply among employees, but even with competition at a societal level (Knowledge @ Wharton 2016). 54. e) relatedness, According to McClelland, someone with a high need for _________ is drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication. d) It is more effective in non-United States cultures. That means that the employer should help employees satisfy lower-order needs like safety and security and social needs. The degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied is known as __________. A PURCHASE DOES NOT INCREASE YOUR CHANCES OF WINNING. A manifest need is whatever need is motivating us at a given time. d) Motivation = expectancy X rewards X valence B) an individual's intensity, direction and persistence. b) Hierarchy of needs theory Competition should be encouraged among employees to find and embrace new goals. Employees with high nPow can be beneficial to organizations. d) Existence, relatedness, and goals c) instrumentality Job enrichment programs are among the many direct results of his research. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written The basis behind this theory is that segments of DNA that occur at the . Employees who continuously have to be told how to do their jobs require an overly large management team, and too many layers of management spell trouble in the current marketplace. e) relatedness. b) safety. Identify situational conditions. action therapy h. Therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques. e) Frederick Herzberg. a) Expectations, relationships, and goals A reclusive accountant may not have been given the opportunity to demonstrate their need for achievement because they never received challenging assignments. Content theories explain work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior. The need for affiliation (nAff) reflects a desire to establish and maintain warm and friendly relationships with other people. Manifest needs theory laid the groundwork for later theories, most notably McClellands learned needs theory, that have greatly influenced the study of organizational behavior. According to Bhattacharya, a company needs to first define what it does and its long-term purpose, and then reconcile its sustainability goals with its economic goals. They avoid both simple and impossible situations. To like to laugh and make jokes. The unconscious is extremely difficult to study. To control ones human environment. Content theories of work motivation include all of the following except the _____ theory. d) ERG theory provides a timeline for action, but Maslow's theory does not. Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress. token economy i. A latent need cannot be inferred from a persons behavior at a given time, yet the person may still possess that need. Some people like to knit, others like to carve wood. a) People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback. This book uses the Clayton Alderfer observed that very few attempts had been made to test Maslows full theory. Matching b. Verifiability c . Successful managers tend to be high in this type of nPow. a) The multiplier effect is still in question. d) Goal setting a) It is a content theory of motivation. These precepts from SDT are entirely consistent with earlier discussions of theories by McClelland, Maslow, Alderfer, and Herzberg. Because of Herzbergs work, organizations today realize the potential of motivators. [2] In addition to individual differences in development, developmental psychologists generally agree that development occurs in an orderly way and in different areas simultaneously. existence If the dollar decreases in value in According to CB Bhattacharya, the Pietro Ferrero Chair in Sustainability at ESMT European School of Management and Technology in Berlin, Germany, employment engagement, or how positive employees feel about their current job, was at an all-time low globally in 2016: 13 percent. Describe a content theory of motivation. a) Hygiene factors include achievement and recognition. Assume that any temporary external investment of money earns I0% per year and that any temporary financing is done at 6%. As shown in Exhibit 14.7, the ERG model addresses the same needs as those identified in Maslows work: Exhibit 14.8 identifies a number of ways in which organizations can help their members satisfy these three needs. Which of the following is true of the use of Maslow's needs hierarchy? Murrays main premise was that people have a variety of needs, but only a few are expressed at a given time. Workers also took the opportunity to clean lighting fixtures, change bulbs, and repair platform edges while performing high-intensity station cleaning. d. serving as a research framework. c) Little research has been conducted. nondirectivec. c. mainly by accident. c) Esteem Dec 12, 2022 OpenStax. They build empires, and they protect them. Since content theories suggest that motivation results from individual needs, managers should __________. Research indicates that general goals are much more motivational than specific goals. In fact, around the 1920s, some 6,000 human needs had been identified by behavioral scientists! Job enrichment is one effective strategy; this frequently entails training and rotating employees through different jobs, or adding new challenges. c.) Expectancy e) working longer hours. Why is this? To defend the self against assault, criticism, and blame. Why? a) Lower-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. If the MARR is 20%, which pump should be selected? The task is enjoyable, so we continue to do it even in the absence of extrinsic rewards. b) Hierarchy of needs theory The more we grow, the more we want to grow. d) Hygiene factors contribute to job satisfaction. Herzberg recommends using _________ to build motivators into job content. e) improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work. Leadership theory classifications include all of the following EXCEPT: contingency. b) Instrumentality c) Its essence is that perceived inequity is a motivating state. One major problem with the need approach to motivation is that we can make up a need for every human behavior. To achieve cleanliness, arrangement, organization, balance, neatness, tidiness, and precision. a) achievement e.) growth, The ERG theory contends that __________. To admire and support a superior. To avoid pain, physical injury, illness, and death. b) hygiene factors are sources of job dissatisfaction. When a person is behaving in a way that satisfies some need, Murray called the need manifest. b) Equity That is, before one type of need can manifest itself, other needs must be satisfied. They simply dont exert as much effort in this area as high-nAff people do. 57. Maslow believed that most people become fixated at this level. The theory posits that to maximize employee motivation, employers must try to guide workers to the upper parts of the hierarchy. Which of the following statements accurately describes Herzberg's hygiene factors? Once satisfied, we focus on our ego and esteem needs. a) Acquired needs theory e) Motivation = expectancy + rewards + valence, a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence, The expectancy theory of motivation predicts that a person will be motivated to work hard when __________. b) Equity e) subconscious goals and conscious goals are not linked, a) difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals, ________ conducted research on subconscious goal motivation. b) perceived positive inequity Whatever their perspective, most people have a cause that they are passionate about. When these needs are met, we experience satisfaction. Further, evidence in support of the three need categories and their order tends to be stronger than evidence for Maslows five need categories and their relative order. Henry A. Murray recognized this problem and condensed the list into a few instinctive and learned needs.3 Instincts, which Murray called primary needs, include physiological needs for food, water, sex (procreation), urination, and so on. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. The theories then discuss motivation in terms of filling these needs. Management by objectives is criticized for placing too much emphasis on goal-oriented rewards and punishments, top-down goals, goals that are easily stated in objective terms, and individual instead of group goals. For example, it is difficult for researchers to ascertain when interaction with others satisfies our need for acceptance and when it satisfies our need for recognition. According to Maslow, Nicole is driven by which of these needs? Hedonism, one of the first motivation theories, assumes that people are motivated to satisfy mainly their own needs (seek pleasure, avoid pain). a) Specific goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are no goals or vague or very general ones. Joanna likes attention and is driven by seeking influence over others. d) understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them. e) Physiological. In the context of motivation, level refers to __________. But what if Lucretia also has a need to dominate others? c) achievement. Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: a) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. a) hygiene factors are associated with the job context or work setting. a) Safety, social, physiological, esteem, and self-actualization a) People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback. It is critical, however, that those managerial jobs allow the employee to satisfy the nPow through social power acquisition. b. providing a value system. The two main psychological developmental theories include continuous and discontinuous development. Why or why not? Lastly, the aspiration component of the ERG model notes that, by its very nature, growth is intrinsically satisfying. In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and so on. Intrinsic rewards satisfy higher-order needs like relatedness and growth in ERG theory. Orem believes there are two types of human beings: those who need nursing care and those who produce it. e) Esteem, relationships, and growth. To exclude, abandon, expel, or remain indifferent to an inferior object. d) the order of needs in the hierarchy may differ across cultures. a) Acquired needs theory Motivator factors involve our long-term need to pursue psychological growth (much like Maslows esteem and self-actualization needs). ERG also focuses attention explicitly on movement through the set of needs in both directions. b) Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair You may have noticed that content theories are somewhat quiet about what determines the intensity of motivation. But paying him more will not cause long-term satisfaction unless motivators are present. b) Equity __________ is the process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing. B. Instilling faith-hope . An overriding principle in this theory is that a persons attention (direction) and energy (intensity) will focus on satisfying the lowest-level need that is not currently satisfied. A lot of fishing, no fish, and no results equal failure! integrative. consent of Rice University. We say these people have a high achievement motive. In 2016, the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) launched a pilot program called Jump in which employees participated in challenges on ways to save water and electricity, as well as other sustainability issues. Any discussion of needs that motivate performance would be incomplete without considering Abraham Maslow.8 Thousands of managers in the 1960s were exposed to Maslows theory through the popular writings of Douglas McGregor.9 Today, many of them still talk about employee motivation in terms of Maslows theory. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, 67. To quit embarrassing situations or to avoid conditions that may lead to belittlement or the scorn or indifference of others. d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. a) Existence We strive to make the need disappear. [3] [page needed] Stage theories [ edit] social, esteem, and self-actualization. To overcome opposition forcefully. We are not born with a high (or low) need for achievementwe learn to need success (or failure). 49. a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence So, when is this need good, and when is it bad? Previously, most organizations attended primarily to hygiene factors. a. (Points : 1) the length of time a person sticks with a given action. Multiple Choice Equity theory McClelland's acquired needs theory Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory Herzberg's two-factor theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Expert Answer 100% (4 ratings) Herzberg also refers to these factors as dissatisfiers because they are frequently associated with dissatisfied employees. d) Goals are most likely to motivate people toward higher performance when they are accepted and there is commitment to them. individual. Factors inside the person that cause people to perform tasks, intrinsic motivation, arise out of performing a task in and of itself, because it is interesting or fun to do. The general strategy for the practical application of situational theories includes all of the following except? a) reducing work inputs. So, high-nAff employees will be especially motivated to perform well if others depend on them. a) expectancies According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job satisfaction EXCEPT: an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives. McClellands other power seeker is the social power seeker. Ans: e Page: 102 2017. RBS boosts employee motivation and engagement through its CSR approach. employee benefits. a) How a person will respond to types of leadership direction 30. c) hygiene factors e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. They feel personally responsible for completing whatever tasks they are assigned. To accept injury, blame, criticism, punishment. Theory choice. Busi 240 Liberty University Quiz 3BUSI 240 Quiz 2. If not, Murray calls this a latent need.